Personal Criminological Theory Paper - 1142 Words

Personal Criminological Theory Paper Criminological Theory 3 February 2012 Personal Criminological Theory Paper Introduction Through out the years Criminologists has conducted a great amount of research and through that research Criminologist has developed different theories in order to better understand and explain criminal behavior. Theories try to help make sense out of many observations that are conducted presenting the facts of the principal that connects and explains the theories. If good theory has been developed; then it becomes very valuable to Criminologist, because it shows the knowledge that is beyond the facts that has been presented; which will show Criminologist how to predict how others might behave (Andrews, D and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore it states that humans, being conformists readily buy into these notions. However, access to the means for achieving these goals is not equally available to everyone. Some have the education, social network and family influence to attain these goals. The socially and economically disadvantaged do not have the opportunity, education or nec essary social network for attaining material wealth and economic or political power. Thus the strain theory predicts that crime occurs when there is a perceived discrepancy between these goals and the legitimate means for reaching them. Individuals who experience a high level of this strain are forced to decide whether to violate laws to achieve these goals, to give up on the goals pushed upon them by society, or to withdraw or rebel. Interactions theories stress the socially constructed nature of identity and the consequent importance of labeling processes for some persons and groups becoming deviant (Scully, 2012). Control theories stress the significance of controls against deviance. They are often divided into those of social kind; for example when accompanying children to school or keeping tabs on who they are playing with, and those of a situational kind; for example locking our doors at night. Instead of specifying different motives to account for crime or concentrating on th e adverse effects of labeling, control theories contend that without rules or laws that draw punishment or retaliation if broken, humans wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges of Creating and Implementing Crime Policy in Canada996 Words   |  4 Pagesand implementing the appropriate social policies. This thought paper is going to research and evaluate the challenges of creating and implementing crime policy. Furthermore, it will examine the contributing factor of the weak relationship between criminologists and society. The issues will then be followed up with a personal perspective on how these crime policy issues can be resolved. 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These theories have had a basis in a wide range of ideas, from biology to sociology, to psychology and even anthropological. Some of these theories have been said to withstand the test of time, and even been used as building blocks for newer theories. Others, however, have been deemed â€Å"bad† theories, or simply have not held up to the passage of time and rapid changes of modern society. The criteria for judging these theories varies. Determining which theory is best would be a difficultRead MoreThe Theory of Social Disorganization701 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Disorganization Summary paper Social disorganization refers to the failure of group members to collaborate and accomplish objectives or tackle issues. Social disorganization normally alludes to a group or society described by the absence of social control. This brings about an absence of an effective functioning integration between personal maladjustment, conflicting social attitudes, and conflicting interests among group members (Goode, 2008). Criminologists and social researchers focusRead MoreDrug Trafficking And Distribution Of Drugs1254 Words   |  6 Pagespm in the Gardner Building. Contact: trgalbiso@gmail.com Abstract This paper will explore multiple scholarly journals and other published articles that will pertain to Drug trafficking and distribution of drugs. The research gathered will all be from online resources located on the schools website and the classes required book pertaining to the curriculum. Keywords: Criminology, Drug Trafficking, Social Theories In the world of the criminal justice system, drug related makes

Comparison/Contrast Essay Free Essays

Comparison/Contrast Essay Although both Clarice Lispector’s â€Å"The Smallest Woman in the World† and Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World† are magic realist stories showing the extreme sizes of two people, the stories depict differently how a society can react to a certain type of person. Through scenery and physical description, the authors show that different types of people can be loved or hated by a society. Marquez’s text starts off with children seeing a large being in the water. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison/Contrast Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The children think â€Å"it was an enemy ship† which can prove that the large size of a person can be very intimidating at first. Opposite to Marquez’s text, in Lispector’s text, the smallest woman is greeted with friendliness, she was immediately named by the French explorer. This can prove that the small size of the woman can be seen as less intimidating than a larger person. However, in both stories, the characters are suddenly treated differently once they have been displayed to a larger crowd. Once the seaweed is removed from the drowned man, the children start to play with the man and are less afraid of him. Also once the woman of the village see the man, they seem to fall madly in love with him. They treat him almost like a god. In contrast, in Lispector’s text the people that read the article about the smallest woman in the world, they seem to dislike the idea of her size. The townspeople want her to be their slave or their toy. I think that the difference in size can be seen in both a literal and figurative sense. Literally the large size of the man is what the woman see as a physical appeal to them while the small size of the woman is seen more a â€Å"creepy† or â€Å"strange† aspect of her appearance. However, I also believe that the size of the characters is used as symbolism. For example, we can see that the large size of the man could represent authority and power and this may be why the men of the village feel intimidated my him. It could also show that he is powerful or strong. The woman’s small size could be seen as weak or young. It also can be compared to a lack of importance or lack of influence. In the story we see that even the kids don’t seem to respect her. The characters race also has a role on the societies views. For example, they describe the woman as being a â€Å"as black as a monkey†, describing how she may be animal-like or treated as a beast. They see her as a primitive being. The fact that she is black may also be why some of the people in France don’t seem to respect her. Throughout history black people have been oppressed which is a theme the author added in. In Marquez’s text, the fact that the woman named the man as if they knew him, indicates that he was most likely of the same race as them. This is a fact that should be considered in why they feel a close bond with him. The authors also use setting to explain how the magical characters are treated. We can see that the man found from the ocean was treated better than the woman who was found in a dangerous part of an African forest. The woman of the town describe Esteban as † most peaceful †¦ man on earth† in which we can find similarities with how we describe the sea. Many people think of the sea to also be peaceful or serene, which is where the drowned man came from. On the contrary, the woman was treated in a negative fashion which could be partially because of where she came from. The woman came from â€Å"the depths of †¦ a jungle†. This can be seen as a dark and mysterious place which may insinuate why the people that read about her seem afraid or dislike her. Another difference between settings in the story is that in Marquez’s text, the town where the people discover the man seems to be a small village which isn’t the fact in Lispector’s text, which is the country of France. Perhaps the authors were trying to show that people that grow up in bigger towns have more of a biased view on the outside world while people that grow up in smaller cities are more open minded, which would explain the different views on the characters in the story. In conclusion, Lispector’s â€Å"The Smallest Woman in the World† and Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World† show how magic realist text are used to push the boundaries of fiction while explaining worldly views. Although both story depicts a magical character’s life, they show through physical description and setting that people can be treated differently. How to cite Comparison/Contrast Essay, Essay examples

Depository Institution free essay sample

Explain the characteristics of the three types of depository institutions. Depository institution is a firm that takes deposits from households and firms and makes loans to other households and firms. There are three types of depository institutions that are commercial banks, thrift institutions and money market mutual funds. i) Commercial banks Is a firm that is licensed by the Comptroller of the Currency or by a state agency to receive deposits and make loans. The aim of a bank is to maximize the net worth of its stockholders. To achieve this objective, the interest rate at which a bank lends exceeds the interest rate at which it borrows. But a bank must perform a delicate balancing act. Besides, a bank must be prudent in the way it uses its deposits, balancing security for the depositors against profit for its stockholders. To achieve securities for its depositors, a bank divides the funds it receives in deposits into two parts that are reserves and loans. We will write a custom essay sample on Depository Institution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reserves are the cash in the bank’s vault plus its deposits at Federal Reserves banks. A bank keeps only small fraction of its funds in reserves and lends the rest. It has three types of assets which are firstly, liquid asset. For example, U. S government Treasury bills and commercial bills. The second asset is investment securities, that are longer- term U. S government bonds and other bonds. Loans are commitments of fixed amounts of money for agreed-upon periods of time. Example of loan is outstanding balances on credit card accounts. ii) Thrift institutions The thrift institutions are savings and loan associations, savings banks, and credit unions. Savings and loan association is a depository institution that receives checking and savings deposits and that make personal, commercial and home purchase loans. Saving banks is a depository institution that accepts savings deposits and makes mostly home-purchase loans. Some savings banks that are called mutual savings banks are owned by their depositors. Credit union is a depository institution owned by a social or economic group such as a firm’s employees that accepts savings deposits and makes mostly personal loans. ii) Money market mutual funds It is a fund operated by a financial institution that sells shares in the fund and holds liquid assets such as U. S Treasury bills or short term commercial bills. This type of depository institution shares act like bank deposits. Shareholders can write checks on their money market mutual fund accounts. But there are restrictions on most of these accounts. For example, the minimum deposit accepted might be $2500 and the smallest check a depositor is permitted to write might be $500. b)What factors affect the demand for money? [pic] [pic] Demand for money is the relationship between the quantity of real money demanded and the nominal interest rate when all other influences on the amount of money that people wish to hold remain the same. First factor: interest rate A change in the interest rate brings a movement along the demand for money curve. Figure a shows a demand for money curve, MD. Initially, the interest rate of money is 5 percent per year and quantity of real money demanded is 3. 0 trillions dollars at E1. When the interest rate rises from 5percent per year to 6percent per year, everything else is remaining the same, the opportunity cost of holding money rises, and quantity of real money demanded decreases from 3. 0 trillions dollars to 2. 9 trillions dollars. So, there is a movement up along the demand for money curve, shown by (a), and the equilibrium changes from E1 to E2. However, when the interest rate falls from 5percent per year to 4percent per year, the opportunity cost of holding money falls and quantity of real money demanded increases from 3. 0 trillions dollars to 3. 1 trillions dollars.

Ww Ii Essays - Combat, Military, , Term Papers

Ww Ii Journal of Social History Summer, 1999 The World Within War: America's Combat Experience in World War II.(Review) Author/s: Michael Neiberg By Gerald F. Linderman (New York: The Free Press, 1997. viii plus 408pp.). More than 16,000,000 Americans served in the Armed Forces during World War U, but only 800,00 (or just 5%) took part in what Gerald Linderman calls extended combat. (1) Their world, he convincingly argues, differed so fundamentally from the world of non-combat soldiers that it constituted a separate world within war. Combat, over and above military service generally, altered the very world view of the soldier and shook his basic assumptions about his enemy, his peers, his God, and the nation he had pledged his life to defend. Linderman uses the letters, diaries, and books of combat veterans along with a survey done by the Army War College to let the combat veterans speak for themselves. He focuses primarily on ground combat in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, though he addresses the air war in chapter one. In chapters 3 and 4 he argues that the geographic, cultural, and military contexts of the three theaters produced very different kinds of war and different understandings of what the rules of war meant. Linderman is not the first scholar to write about this world. Paul Fussell's 1989 book Wartime argued that the world of the combat soldier was so much as odds with any non-combatant's ability to understand it that the real war will never get in the books. Linderman agrees. Indeed, the combat soldiers themselves understood that civilians and non-combatants could not (and perhaps should not) know about the world of combat. In this world, men became callous to the deaths of enemies and of comrades alike, acted in ways that contradicted a lifetime of church and school, and sometimes found themselves inexplicably fascinated by the enduring appeals of battle. The distinct world of combat, and its inaccessibility to anyone who has not experienced it, underscored the sense of alienation that the combat soldier felt from everyone except his closest comrades. Only those men who had fought together that men in combat developed. Combat veterans knew all too well that their world lay beyond the ability of outsiders to understand. Witness two Marine Corps veterans asked to leave a theater during a showing of SANDS OF IWO JIMA because they could not stop laughing at a Hollywood depiction of a real war (315). Linderman's best chapter examines the close relationship between American values and the combat experience. Americans, coming from the Great Depression, saw the war, and combat more specifically, as a job to be completed as soon as possible. The likening of combat to a job gave combat veterans a way of dealing with the horrible acts they were required to perform as well as the knowledge that their death or survival had become purely a matter of chance. Ironically, those same values made combat appealing for some. Combat was the one place where true comradeship, without concern for background (except race - the Armed Forces remained segregated until 1948), ethnicity, or even military rank, existed. It was also the one part of military life where chicken *censored* military discipline and regulations (particularly anathema to American soldiers) mattered very little. Paradoxical as it may seem, the world of combat was, in many ways, the most un-military part of the thousand yard stare. While those at home enjoyed high wages and savings accounts, and noncombat personnel experienced relative comforts like beds and hot food, the combat veteran lived with the knowledge that only the end of the war or his own death would end his suffering. In order to survive, imagination, tenderness, and compassion had to die. Soldiers often believed in God (male and benevolent) or luck (female and usually malevolent) to get them through. Because their ex periences outstripped their ability to explain them, they relied on men like Ernie Pyle and Bill Mauldin to explain the war to civilians in words that would convey some semblance of truth without the shock of the whole truth. Because so few people experienced this world within war, World War II has come to be thought of as the Good War. The recent Enola Gay controversy reveals America's unease with

Dimensions of Psychological Disabilities

Dimensions of Psychological Disabilities Free Online Research Papers Dimensions of Psychological Disabilities: Effects and Ways to Break Through AD(H)D and Workplace Depression Presenteeism a kind of absent presence can be observed in our daily life. There are kids who can’t sit tight; girls who tend to daydream anytime; students who try to sneak out of so called boring lectures; jobholders who lack positivity, patience or anger management. These people are around us or one of us. Are they sick? Or do they lack humane behavior? Answer lies deep within. Psychologists pointed out depression and neurological disabilities are the keys to the broken rings. These people can be changed to cope up with the usual flow of life just by proper treatment, care and many other ways. I am willing to present some methods we can use to help these people as well as maximize our own benefits. Lynette had been the star employee of her company until past few weeks. Out of nowhere, Lynette recently was being late, negative even short tempered. Diving through her, it’s been found that, she was depressed as her ex-husband and best friend married someone else. Lynette was hoping for the comeback of her husband and her heart was broken. She kept the things in her and continued to work lethargically. Tom’s teachers are always complaining about his grades as he is known as the most inattentive one who always pulls prank on other kids at class. Tom’s mother is so worked up with constant complaining that she has decided to put Tom in residential school but it seems that Tom somehow managed to keep his name as the inattentive prank puller. The 1st case is known as WPMHD or Work Place Mental Health Disorder. (Knippers, C, 2006) The 2nd case shows that the hyperactive boy has a neurological disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Biggs, S., Nadeau, K. 1992, December). Experts recently have agreed that the daydreaming can be ADHD sometimes called ADD because it occurs without hyperactivity (Biggs, S., Nadeau, K. 1992, December). But what happens when the child with AD(H)D grows up? How can tutors work with college students who have AD(H)D? How can employees cope-up with workplace depression? Effects of Workplace Depression and AD(H)D Workplace Depression Workplace Depression can be hard to explain as it is an outburst of internal mental disorder of a person. At workplace depressive behavior may be found out by noticing attitudes like: Working slowly, Making mistakes more often, Unable to concentrate, Forgetful, Late for work or meetings, Getting into disputes and arguments with colleagues, Unable to delegate tasks, Working, or trying to work, much too hard (Marano, H.E. 2003). Now, everyone feels blue or sad from time to time. Its a normal life experience. But when these emotions increase in intensity, persist for more than a few weeks, and start to interfere with a persons life, it may signal depression. No amount of cheering up can make the depression go away; no amount of exercise, vitamins or vacation can make it disappear. Thats because depression is an illness, not a weakness. So, depression is the change in behavior which is caused by personal warfare or other problems that occupies someone’s mind and making his\her days numb. AD(H)D The three most important symptoms of AD(H)D are inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity ((Author)). These symptoms must be persistent and they must be more frequent and severe than they are for other people at about the same level of development (Latham, P. H., 2000).Symptoms might not show up if the person is under very strict control, is in a new place, or is doing especially interesting activities, or is working with only one other person. AD(H)D is not a single condition; instead, there are three subtypes. People with the predominantly inattentive type have trouble paying attention. Those with the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type are hyperactive and impulsive. The combined type includes all three major symptoms (Latham, P. H., 2000). Perhaps the most well known symptom of AD(H)D is hyperactivity and mostly girls and women-are quiet daydreamers. Booth, R. C. (1998) notes that children with AD(H)D are consistently inconsistent. That means the same student could do very well in school one month then very poorly the next. Booth, R. C. (1998) also point out that people with AD(H)D are sometime able to hyper focus. That means they may focus very well on one thing for a long time and will have trouble stopping when it is time to finish. What exactly does it mean to be inattentive, impulsive, or hyperactive? Some specific symptoms of inattentiveness can include overlooking details, making careless mistakes, doing messy work, having trouble paying attention, changing from one activity to another without finishing anything, and being easily distracted. Some examples of impulsivity include impatience, frequently interrupting other people, talking at the wrong time, clowning around, and doing dangerous things without thinking about what will happen. Ways to Fight Through Working up WPDMH According to Knippers, C (2006) the best things to fight depression can be: 1. Confront the situation quickly. One way to do this is for the person doing the confronting to open with an admission of their own personal struggles, past or present, and how that affected their work behavior. Then they can point out to the depressed person that some specific behaviors have been noticed. But avoid saying anything like, Everyone is noticing?. The depressed person is embarrassed already and doesnt need to think that everyone is talking about him or her. 2. Be empathic. Empathy is the mental and emotional attitude of actually entering into another persons experience, and standing beside them in their feelings, rather than standing above them in pity, judgment or of being above it all. Empathy says, Ive been where you are emotionally, and I know its rough. This supportive attitude helps the depressed person immensely because they will no longer feel alone in their pain. 3. Listen to their story. Every depressed person has a story that they are longing to tell, and it is a huge relief to know that someone cares to listen to their life experience. In fact, when depressed people hear themselves relating their story, they can often gain a new perspective on the situation, and sometimes they even realize a solution. 4. Provide a solution to the employee. A counselor needs to be made available at an affordable rate for that employee. There are some brief forms of therapy or counseling that are extremely effective. Cognitive therapy is the most highly respected form of brief therapy today. Medication alone is not the answer. 5. Offer practical assistance within the workplace. Maybe there are some ergonomic concerns that can be addressed; or maybe they need a little temporary assistance with their duties to get back on track. A day or two off work or temporarily reduced hours can help. Last but not the least point is the fact of being unaware about organizational depression can be severe. Because, depressed people live with their feelings. But its in the workplace that they will try hardest to mask their illness. Fear of being reprimanded, dismissed or stigmatized for feeling down, and feelings of shame will prevent someone from seeking help. Helping AD(H)D’s There is very little information on how to tutor students with AD(H)D. However, many authors have shared ideas on how teachers can help children in their classroom who have AD(H)D. Other authors have shared ideas on how people with AD(H)D can help themselves become more organized. Booth (1998) emphasizes that it is important for teachers (and, one presumes, tutors) to be aware that no two students with ADD are alike and that there are multiple approaches that can and will be different from student to student (para. 7 under subhead Teacher attitudes and beliefs). Accordingly, Booth encourages teachers to be flexible. For example, one student with AD(H)D might have trouble starting a task, and another student might have trouble finishing one task and starting the next (General Information, 1999, August, para. 2 under subhead Teacher Tips). Booth (1998) strongly encourages that teachers use accommodations to help students learn to become more independent. Accordingly, teachers should only give students additional interventions or accommodations when the students really need them. The goal should always be to slowly remove accommodations when possible. Teachers can provide support in planning long projects until the student gradually learns how to use better time management skills and how to plan ahead better. People who work with children or other students with AD(H)D can help them by reminding them about assignments they need to do. Also, teachers should give directions both face to face and in writing. When a person with ADD is daydreaming, it can help to make eye contact with the person. The eye contact pulls them away from their daydream so they can pay attention (Hallowell Ratey, 1994). Students with AD(H)D can usually focus better in a quiet, low distraction work area (General Information, 1999, August; Booth, 1998). People with AD(H)D can help themselves by making lists to remind themselves of things they need to do (Hallowell Ratey, 1994). They should divide large tasks into small ones and give themselves deadlines for finishing each small part (Hallowell Ratey,1994). Perhaps a regular tutor could serve in the role of an ADD coach by helping AD(H)D students divide each big project into many smaller steps and decide when they will complete each step. For example, a student who n eeds to do a term paper could choose a deadline for each of the following steps: choosing a topic, deciding what information he or she needs to gather, finishing the research, writing a rough draft of the paper and showing it to the tutor, revising the paper and showing it to the tutor again. When tutors meet with students, they should ask them where they concentrate best. Can they concentrate well if they work at the tutors usual table? Or should the tutor and student meet somewhere else? Also, tutors should be ready to repeat or write down their directions. In addition, tutors can make eye contact more often to help students with AD(H)D stop daydreaming and focus better on their tutoring session. If a tutor meets with an AD(H)D student on a regular basis, then the last five or ten minutes of each session can be used to discuss what homework the student will do before the next session and what things they will work on during the next session. Conclusion WPMDH or AD(H)D both are not sickness rather it is best to call them barriers which stops one from attaining the best. Today most of us are afraid of mentally sick people and make inaudible comments about them. But we must know that no one in this world is perfect. May be one of us is having mental trouble. It may be depression or frustration or anything. So what is better is to show a little positivity towards mental sickness and help the people get through their disabilities. It is also essential to know that AD(H)D or workplace depression can’t be just driven away. They need proper care with steps followed by people near AD(H)D or depressed persons. Most of all we need to remember that they are also normal people with a little disadvantage. References Biggs, S., Nadeau, K. (1992, December). Students with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Presented at Chesapeake Psychological Services to members of Nations Capital Area Disability Support Services Coalition. Retrieved April 10, 2008 from adult-add.org/study/student/study_study_tips.htm Booth, R. C. (1998). List of appropriate school-based accommodations and interventions. Highland Park, Ill.: National Attention Deficit Disorder Association. Retrieved April 10, 2008 from add.org/content/school/list.htm General information about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder fact sheet number 19 (FS19). (1999, August). The Academy for Educational Development and the Office of Special Education Programs. Article retrieved April 06, 2008 from adult-add.org/study/teacher/study_teach_tips.htm Knippers, C (2006). 7 Steps to Combat Workplace Depression. Article retrieved March 12, 2008 from http://hr.blr.com/whitepapers.aspx?id=18885 Latham, P. H. (2000). Attention Deficit Disorder in college faculty and students: Partners in education. National Center for Law and Learning Disabilities. Article retrieved April 14, 2008 from adult-add.org/study/student/study_student_college.htm Marano, H.E. (2003). Depression Lowers Productivity.Article retrieved March 12, 2008 from www.psychologytoday.com/id:2877 Research Papers on Dimensions of Psychological DisabilitiesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonTwilight of the UAWCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

A Look at the Different Opinions Concerning Abortion

A Look at the Different Opinions Concerning Abortion Being a subject that is never taken lightly in society, abortion is a wildly controversial issue. With a nation full of many diverse ethics and values, the issue of abortion has been divided into two opposite positions of pro-life or pro-choice. The pro-life stance is in opposition of legal abortion and against the termination of unborn fetuses. Overall, in the eyes of pro-life believers, life is a precious miracle and no matter how far along a fetus has developed, every aborted fetus has indeed been murdered. On the other hand, the stance of pro-choice supports the action of abortion and believes that women should have the legal right to terminate their pregnancy. No matter what position is taken on this crucial issue, abortion will always have lasting impact on people. For example, who can blame anyone who defends a pregnant mothers right to make a life and death decision by her own free will when assuming she completely understands all ramifications? By whatever way she arrives at her final heart- tearing decision to kill the fetus, should anyone have the right to force her to bear a child? Or, in contrast, who can fault someone who wishes to prevent the termination of a teen pregnancy in order to save the life of the innocent unborn child? Questions like these not only help conceive the importance and value of abortion but also raise much curiosity about this year’s election and the candidate’s beliefs. Although many of this years election policies are based on issues that encompass our devastating economy, the often neglected issue of abortion has become a ruthlessly exploited topic in this years presidential debates. The candidates, Governor Mitt Romney and President Barrack Obama, have very differentiating views of pro-life and pro-choice. Usually shown as an issue that favors pro-life candidates, this election has shown a historical change due to President Obama taking charge in a recent Gallup Poll (Dannefelser). Although there are some appealing arguments about the pro-life choice, I believe the policy of abortion should be terminated in our society, as it takes the lives of approximately 115,000 innocent and defenseless children daily. Of course, there is a population that doesn’t believe that the act of abortion is wrong and feels that women should have the right in whether they want to bear a child. Supporting this view, President Obama believes in the policy of pro-choice and holds the opinion that woman should bear the constitutional rights to their personal health and reproductive freedom. Within his campaign, Obama has shown his complete support of Planned Parenthood and given much funding to abortion and contraception advertising through his recent video known as â€Å"Yes We Can† (Yarrow). Through this tactic, Obama establishes the message that the women of America are capable of making their own choices. Disagreeing with parental notification, he states that he feels that abortion is an act that needs to have much thought and consideration and if â€Å"a young women becomes pregnant they should talk to their parents†. Moreover, he realizes that all girls do not have parental guidance a nd â€Å"in those instances, we should want these girls to seek the advice of a trusted source. Many feel this campaign tactic will be helpful in gathering support for abortion because â€Å"according to NARAL’s model and an extensive survey that shows there are over 5.1 million women pro-choice†(May). Claiming how Governor Romney â€Å"has gone to more extreme place†, by completely getting rid of funding for planned parenthood, President Obama claims that if he gets elected for a second term this crucial social issue will get resolved (May). Although President Obama makes some crucial arguments about this serious policy, there have been criticisms’ about his policy of abortion. President Obama constantly mentioned the topic of federal funding of planned parenthood numerous times and consistently made sure to bring up Romney’s vow to defund the nation’s largest abortion provider that also delivers an array of other productive services (Yarrow). Furthermore, Obama states in all three of his presidential debates that not only does his funding of planned parenthood help women in need, but it also can act like any other health care provider or OB/GYN by providing breast examinations and referring women to outside technicians (Viebeck). In reality though, Obama has recently been proven wrong, though, due to a recent fact check that verified that Planned Parenthood does not perform mammograms or even possess the necessary equipment to do so. The truth is actually revealed; â€Å"they do hundreds and thousa nds of abortions and not a single mammogram†(Dannenfeiser). According to the Washington Times â€Å"Planned Parenthood is even reportedly dropping what little prenatal care it offers† (Dannenfeiser). Moreover, the Congressional Research Service report stated that the federal government gives Planned Parenthood about $66 million to a unreliable service (Viebeck). In general, this shows the amount of money that is being taken out of the American’s pockets (Viebeck). Furthermore, pro-life candidate Mitt Romney claims that his opposing candidate, Barack Obama, needs to critically consider that abortion is a social issue and not an economical issue (Dannenfeiser). In general, Romney feels the most important thing should be fully trying to recover America from economic stress and this current devastating recession. Now completely behind the policy of pro-life, Romney’s policy of abortion has three exceptions of â€Å"cases of rape, incest, or pregnancy that endangers a women’s life† (Romney). His belief of pro-life advocates the legal protection of human embryos and fetuses and outlaws abortion. Throughout Romney’s debate he claims his first action he will take will be to defund Planned Parenthood in America. In addition, he he plans to overturn Roe vs. Wade, which states the legalization of abortion, due to over â€Å"fifty million abortions have been performed since 1973†. Through this plan, Romney claims that on ce overturned, abortion will be a matter of state decision and not a matter of federal decision. It will â€Å"finally allow the states to have authority† that they were initially intended to have (Blodget). In addition, Romney indicates that he will reverse the Mexico City position of the President and â€Å"reinstate the Mexico City policy which keeps us from using foreign aid for abortions overseas†(Weiner). Feeling that abortion is more of a social issue and not economic issue he plans to instead help the 17 million women that are currently living in poverty today (Weiner). Romney states I’m going to help women in America get good work by getting a stronger economy and by supporting women in the workforce.(Bennett). In general, much of this topic is subject to opinion and perspective and that is just the nature of this argument. Overall though, I find myself mostly behind Governor Romney and his choice of pro-life within America. Influenced by my morals and religious back ground, I believe that there are no exceptions for abortion. Living in a society that finds murder as a morally wrong act that deserves punishment, I believe the policy of abortion should be ended because I feel that there is no difference between murder and taking the life of an innocent and defenseless child. If a mother does not want a child or rape has occurred, adoption or other measures should be considered. Unfortunately, this is not a popular stance to many Americans due to the belief that woman should possess their constitutional rights. In reality, the act of abortion is legal before three months because the fetus is still in the embryo stage. In contrast, facts show that â€Å"More than 90% of the body structures found in a full-grown human are present after 9 weeks.† Overall I feel that today we live in a morally wrong and depraved society that is unwilling to accept their wrongs. We end up exonerating others for our mistakes. I understand that fear indeed is a powerful motivator, but as we accept these self-centered acts we underestimate both the intelligence and priorities of women. The women of America can use their brains, not solely rely on other parts of their body, to move ahead in society and achieve their goals.

The effects of The Treaty of Paris on The United States Essay

The effects of The Treaty of Paris on The United States - Essay Example the Conference have been usually labeled as failure because the treaties signed during the Paris negotiations did fail to secure peace in Europe in the long-term (MacMillan & Holbrooke 2001). The reasons for the failure were at least twofold: (1) the range of problems the negotiating parties had to deal with at that difficult time were too complicated and often defied effective solutions; (2) although several nations participating in the conference benefited more than others under the conditions of the peace treaties the amount of disagreement and controversy involved in each negotiated issue was huge, particularly in such critically important aspect as treating Germany. Although the common goal of the leaders involved in the Paris negotiations was apparently to restore peace and stability in Europe, the Conference immediately exposed serious disagreement between the Allies concerning how to treat Germany. The views were highly contradictory with the Big Three leaders balancing between the long-term political benefits for their countries, almost always varying and often conflicting interests of their partners, and the public opinions of their nations (Henig 1995). As a result, majority of the participants failed to full achieve their goals, and the effects of the Treaty on each nation were vastly different. The seriousness of President Wilson’s intentions during the Conference was evident: he became the first American President to ever visit Europe while in office (McMillan 2001: 3) while the US mission in Paris included almost 1300 members at its peak (Gelfand, 1963). Wilson came up with the famous Fourteen Points program that was supposed to become the foundation for a peace program. The Fourteen Points included the following items: However, the Fourteen Points of President Wilson reflected his excessively idealistic and pacifist views on the political situation in Europe. Perhaps that is the key reason for largely unsuccessful effort of the American mission

Citi group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Citi group - Research Paper Example The project also makes a cost and benefit analysis to identify the most suitable application of strategies. Lastly it recommends suitable ways of application of the strategies to produce desired results. This project tries to identify the present problems confronting one of the leading financial service providers in the world, the Citigroup. The company originated in New York and is based all over the world. The period of financial crisis followed by the economic downturn had serious consequences for the company and its stakeholders. It led to the creation of a number of problems for the organization. The project tries to identify those problems. Identification of problems has been supported by provision of data using secondary research. Each problem has been presented explicitly along with data and examples. The project tries to understand the root of these problems and designs suitable strategies to solve them. It also makes a cost and benefit analysis to priorities the list of solutions. Lastly it tries to present the ways in which the company’s mission can be achieved using the strategies. Citi is the leading company in the field of financial services in the global market. The company is based in New York. The company originated from the merging of two banking giants, namely Citicorp and Travelers Group. It is known for having the most efficient and largest financial services network across the globe. Its business is spread across 140 countries and its customer base goes up to 200 million. The company provides a wide range of products and services to customers, institutions, corporations and the government. Its services include â€Å"banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services and wealth management† (Citi-a, â€Å"Our Brands†). The company considers providing advisory solutions to clients is of paramount importance. It never fails to reinforce this commitment in every

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Example for Free

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Hinduism is not merely a religion, it is also a philosophy and the culture in India, and it has already been a marked part of their everyday living. So much so that everything aspect of their daily lives goes back to it; and it has 950 million followers to wit (mostly from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). Hinduism ranks third as the world’s largest religion after Christianity and Islam, and it is also said to be one of the world’s oldest organized religion along with Judaism (VandeWeghe, 2007). Hinduism and Christianity differ in many ways, and it is rational that there are disagreements and contradictions when two people from different religions involve themselves in a conversation regarding their beliefs. The purpose of this paper is to discover an effective way to build a pleasant relationship with a Hindu in order to be able to share the gospel with them. In order to accomplish this aim, this paper will discuss the origin, beliefs, practices and the views of Hinduism about Christianity and how they differ from the said religion. Hinduism: A Closer Look According to Robinson (2007), besides being called â€Å"Hinduism†, it is also referred to as Sanata Dharma (eternal religion) and Vaidika Dharma (religion of the Vedas). Hinduism has no specific founder and the day that it was born is still unknown; however, there are two theories regarding the origin of the religion. One is the Classical Theory which explains that Hinduism originated at the Indus Valley around 4000BCE to 2200BCE and that its development was due to various foreign invasions particularly of the Indo-Aryan for they are the ones who were said to have brought the religion of Vedism. The other is the Emerging Theory which went against the first theory by proving that there were no foreign invasions along the Indus Valley and that the Vedic religion (Hinduism at 1500BCE to 500BCE) was allowed to flourish by the same group of people who later called themselves Aryan. The Hindu scriptures as well as literatures, which are even older than the Bible’s Old Testament, are the sources of the religion’s beliefs and practices. The most sacred Hindu scriptures are the four Vedas (Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda) which consists of hymns, incantations, rituals and explanations – among which the Rig Veda (1700BCE to 1100BCE) is said to be the oldest. There are also the Upanishads which discussed â€Å"states of consciousness, dreams, meditations, self-realizations and unity†; the Darshanas which consists of six philosophical system and teachings derived from the Vedas; and lastly and the most recent, the Puranas which tells the stories of the most recent gods (Reid Corduan, 2008). Hinduism also has the two great epics that show the virtues and ideals that are significant to the religion; the first is the Ramayana which is a tale about a prince named Rama and his wife, Sita, and the Mahabarata, a collection of poems which states the duties of a â€Å"religious, law-abiding man† (Mason, 2000). Not only is Hinduism one of the oldest and largest religions, it is also said to be the most complex one (McDowell, 2002). There are various beliefs in Hinduism and one of them is the very popular and highly criticized Caste System which is said to be the cause of inequality and harsh laws in India. There are four main castes; the Brahmin (priest-teachers), kshatriyas (soldier-nobles), vaishyas (merchants) and sudras (servants). In the early periods, it was supposed to be part of the divine order, however, as years passed by, subcastes were developed and there came the outcastes or the untouchables – people who do not belong to any of the four main castes (Perry, 1989). Associated with this system are other beliefs. The belief that each of them have dharma (duty), depending on which caste they were born into; they also believe in karma and samsara (reincarnation) – thus, they believe that if they do their duty properly, they will have good karma and will be reincarnated into a higher class. On the contrary, if they did not, they might be reincarnated to the lower class or even as an animal. Their goal is to achieve moksha (release), which is their concept of salvation. Here they would not be liberated from sin but to life existence itself for they believe that as long as they are in the maya (phenomenal world) suffering would never stop because of karma and samsara. Moksha can be attained in three ways, by â€Å"way of works†, â€Å"way of knowledge† and â€Å"way of devotion† (bhakti) which is the most popular one, in which a person will completely devote himself to a certain god and the latter will take care of everything in his behalf (Reid Corduan, 2008). In early Hinduism, Jesus Christ has no particular role in the religion and is not even mentioned in their scriptures; however, due to the rise of Christianity, Hindu thinkers thought of a place where they could put Jesus Christ in their religion. According to Reid and Corduan (2008), since Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, the Hindus viewed Jesus Christ as one of the incarnations or avatars of Brahman who, like Rama and Krishna, is a â€Å"divine self-embodiment† in order to preserve Hindu teachings and another way was by saying that Jesus Christ spent his â€Å"silent years† in India to proclaim the teachings of Hinduism. Nevertheless, Hindus’ incorporation of Jesus Christ into their religion does not seem to fit properly. According to McDowell (2002), Hinduism is known to be tolerant towards other religions because of similarities with Hinduism. This is believed to be one of the characteristics of a polytheistic and henotheistic (believing in one god and regarding other gods and goddesses as just manifestations) religions. However, due to rise of a nationalistic political party which took hold of the India’s government, the separation of church and state collapsed and religious tolerance went down as well, increasing anti-Christian violence in the country (Robinson, 2007). Christianity and Hinduism has numerous differences and some of them are the following: Hinduism’s Supreme Being is the Brahman, an indefinable and impersonal deity, while Christianity has a loving, personal and caring Creator. Hinduism looks at man as a materialization of Brahman who has no value and self-worth at all, whereas, Christianity proclaims that man is created in the very image of God that deserves to love and be loved despite their sinful deeds. When it comes to sins, there are no sins that are committed against Brahman, things that were done wrong are taken as results of ignorance that can be redeemed by following the duty of a specific caste to which the person belongs to and the path going to salvation. On the other hand, wrongdoings that are done within Christianity is taken as acts of rebellion against God. Salvation in Hinduism is referred to as moksha and can be attained in three ways which cannot be accomplished in one lifetime, while salvation in the Christian sense is granted by God to those who deserve it after being separated from him. Lastly, even their view of the material world differ – for a Hindu, the material world is an extension of Brahman and just a transitory and secondary importance; on the contrary, Christians see the material world as an objective reality and a something total different from God (McDowell, 2002). However, despite these differences, it is said that Hindus accept Jesus, but not the Christian relgion. In fact, they even refer Christianity to â€Å"Churchianity. † According to Abhedananda (2002), Hindus can tell apart the religion of Jesus Christ from the religion of the Church for the reason that the true religion of Jesus Christ is a religion of the heart. Thus, it has no dogma and no theology, no rituals and ceremonies, and is not based from a book. From their perspective, the religion of the Church is based from a book, is full of creeds and rituals, and even has an organized way of preaching them. When it comes to the Gospels, they see it as full of inconsistencies and discrepancies, and one very doubtful area for the Hindus comes from their awareness that Jesus Christ did not have His own writings and that there are no precise and contemporary accounts of His life inside and outside of the Bible. In order to share the Gospels to the Hindus, Rev. Dharmaraj (2001), gave some advice to approach the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospels. He said that one should determine and understand what type of Hindu community one intends to visit, since there are different sects that belong to Hinduism. Next, he said that one should explain the concepts incorporated in the Gospels in order for them to understand the Gospels for they have their own understanding of God, salvation, sin, among others. Lastly, Christians should deal with the challenges of dogmatism, risks of syncretism and to focus on evangelism. In addition, according to Reid and Corduan (2008), a Christian should connect with the person rather with the person’s religion; Christians should approach them along with humanitarian efforts and outreach projects since Hinduism does not cater to such. Through a combination of these, Hindus have already felt the kind of loving relationships that pay no attention to the caste which have long been abolished but is still being practiced. The salvation of Christianity even reached them in a way, and it even made them accept Jesus Christ more as they felt that they have been freed from the dark aspects of Hinduism. The one who comes from above is above all. The one who is of the earth is earthly and speaks of earthly things. But the one who comes from heaven [is above all]. He testifies to what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. Whoever does accept his testimony certifies that God is trustworthy. For the one whom God sent speaks the words of God. He does not ration his gift of the Spirit. The Father loves the Son and has given everything over to him. Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God remains upon him. (John 3:31-36, NAB) In the given Gospel, in order for a Hindu to understand it, one should clarify that the God in the Gospel is the Creator and that His son is Jesus Christ, the Savior of mankind from sins. In addition, it will also be better to give a slight background of what the Gospel is about – say that at this point in the Gospel, the Savior have finally presented Himself in front of the people. The Hindu should also be informed that â€Å"eternal life† is referring to the promised salvation in a Christian context and that it can only be attained by believing in Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the Christian should also point out what â€Å"the wrath of God† means, so that the Hindu could have insights as to the consequences of not obeying their God. And since this pertains to the concept of Hell, it should be also explained again in totality for Hindus do not have this concept in their belief system. Hinduism is a large complex religion that is older than Christianity. If one would be able to understand the essentials of this religion, it would be easy to reach out to the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospel. Christians have their views about Hinduism and Hindus likewise have their own views about Christianity. While they criticize and contradict each other about most of the aspects of their beliefs, setting them aside for awhile in order to learn about one another’s religion makes it possible to establish not just communication but also an open, two-way relationship. To share a Gospel to Hindus, proper understanding of Hinduism is required along with the use of an effective interpersonal approach. References Mason, C. (2000). A short history of Asia – Stone Age to 2000AD. London: Palgrave Macmillan Perry, M. (1989). A history of the world.Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Holy Bible: the new American Bible. (1987). Nashville: Thomas Nelson Abhedananda, S. (2002). Why a Hindu accepts Christ and rejects Churchianity. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Hinduism website: http://www. hinduism. co. za/jesus. htm Dharmahal, P. (1992). Communicating Christ to the Hindu world. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from Mission Frontiers website: http://www. missionfrontiers. org/1992/0912/sd9211. htm McDowell, J. (2002). A ready defense. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Jesus Who website: http://www. greatcom. org/resources/areadydefense/ch24/default. htm Reid, P. Corduan, W. (2008). About Hinduism. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Christian Answers Network website: http://christiananswers. net/evangelism/beliefs/hinduism. html Robinson, B. A. (2007). Hinduism: the world’s third largest religion. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Religious Tolerance website: http://www. religioustolerance. org/hinduism. htm VandeWeghe, R. (2007). Prepared to answer. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Windmill Ministries website: http://www. windmillministries. org/frames/CH30A. htm

Harley-Davidson Inc. Essay -- Business Management Harley Davidson Essa

Harley-Davidson Inc. Celebrating their 100th anniversary next year, Harley-Davidson is a true American success story. From their modest beginnings in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to one of the most recognized company names worldwide, they have been passionate about motorcycles. Harley offers an experience like none other with the one of a kind look, feel, and sound only available on a Harley. Besides their main business of building and selling motorcycles, they have began to offer financing and insurance through Harley-Davidson Financial Services, and they also offer a full line of accessories and apparel to make the Harley experience complete. Harley-Davidson, the corporation, has many things to brag about. On top of their financial success over the years, they have built a solid reputation as a fair, honest, and caring company. In January 2002, Forbes magazine named Harley-Davidson its â€Å"Company of the Year for 2001and in February, Fortune magazine selected them as one of the nation’s â€Å"Most Admired Companies.† Every employee at the company can be proud of these achievements because the corporate culture stresses the importance of all employees. While maintaining a level of success in these areas, they have managed to increase their revenues for the last sixteen years straight. Even in the economic downturn of the last year, Harley-Davidson posted record revenue and earnings. Harley-Davidson states their mission as â€Å"We fulfill dreams through the experiences of motorcycling by providing to motorcyclists and to the general public an expanding line of motorcycles, branded products and services in selected market segments.† They have performed wonderfully over the past hundred years, and have not forgotten their mission or where they came from. Over the years they have stuck with the things they know, and also expanded into related services and products. Out of the 151 motorcycle manufacturers, Harley-Davidson and Indian were the only two companies to survive the Great Depression. Harley-Davidson was the only one in America after Indian dropped out in 1953, but face Indian again now since they re-entered the market in 1999. Harley-Davidson owns a twenty percent market share followed closely by Honda, Yamaha, and Kawasaki. One thing they have had to overcome in the marketplace is the stereotypical image associated with motorcycle owners. It seems the publ... ...Tot. Debt to Equity .27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount Borrowed/ Equity Activity: Inventory Turnover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12.98  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.87  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Move inventory quickly Asset Turnover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective utilization of assets Receivables Turnover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.71  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collection of receivables / year Net Inc. / Employee  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  57,157  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28,241  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Utilization of people Breakeven Analysis: Assumptions: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Variable Costs are 60% of Total Costs; While the other 40% are from fixed costs. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All units cost the same to produce and sell for the same price. Breakeven Point: Total Revenue (TR) = $3,363414000 Total Variable Cost (TVC) = $1,310,045,400 Total Fixed Costs (TFC) = $873,363,600 Total Cost (TC) = $2,183,409,000 Average Variable Cost (AVC) = $5,587.48 per unit Quantity Produced (Q) = 234,461 Profit (ï  ) = 1,180,005,000 Price (P) = $14,345.30 per unit 99,723.83 = 99,724 units Required Profit Analysis: Assume required profit is equal to selling, general and administrative expenses so after expenses they will breakeven. Required profit = $578,777,000 165,810.74 = 165,811 units

Plato Book V Is Plato a Feminist

In book V of Plato’s republican Plato is very clearly a feminist although he does not hold women completely equal to men. In fact Plato states that the majority of women are inferior to all men, but not all women were inferior. Plato was indeed a feminist, but his feminist views were as a result of decisions made for what he thought was in best interest of the good city. A feminist is a described as an advocate for women’s rights and legal protection. Within book V of the Republic, Plato advocates equality in different features of life within the good city for women. The equal education of man and woman is one feature of the good city which Plato desired to put in action. Plato felt this was necessary not based on feminist views, but due to the fact that women were potential guardians of the good city so they should have equal education as the male guardians. Due to the fact that Plato calls for equal education of the two sexes clearly classifies him as a feminist. Plato states in the Republic that the majority of women are inferior to men, he later states that some women may be capable of being equal to or even superior to some men. With this fact being, Plato feels that women must also be given an equal opportunity to govern the state due to their potential superiority over men. Therefore/ Plato called for equal education of men and women in the good city (Is Plato a Feminist? ). Another topic discussed in Book V of the Republic was the Nature of a human’s soul. Plato felt that just because women had inferior physical features then men did not mean that women should be ruled disregarded from their nature. In other words, if a man and woman both had guardian nature, the woman should not be neglected due to her gender. Plato’s feminist views are greatly expressed when he explains that women could be well-suited to govern the good state. In the best interest of the good city Plato felt that potential guardians or politicians of the good city should not be limited based upon their gender due to his belief that all humans have a certain nature within them regardless of their sex (Is Plato a Feminist? ). Once again this feminist belief portrayed by Plato was not accredited to his passion for women’s equality, but is represented by his opinion in preserving the good city. Plato would not be considered the ideal feminist; his decisions in giving the women of the good city equality were not made in the best interest of the women. Plato feminist decisions were made as a result of what he thought would be in best interest of the good city. Throughout the Republic Book V Plato expresses his views and opinions on different issues relating to the good city. Although Plato states that does not hold women equal to men in mainly all aspects measurable he is still undoubtedly a feminist. The main aspect of Plato’s feminism is that he gave women rights for what he thought was in the best interest of the good city, not the women. Even though Plato would not be considered the ideal feminist he is evidently a feminist nonetheless. Plato would not be what many consider to be an ideal feminist. But, when answering the question if Plato is a feminist or not, he and decisions he made regarding the good city are undeniably feminist. Plato’s views of feminism are not a direct result of concern of women’s rights, but are directly related to Plato’s idea of the ultimate good city.

Culture’s Impact on Education and Development Essay

Children’s participation in education is considerably influenced by several different cultural customs and tendencies. In my opinion, culture signifies a common set of beliefs and values. Different school systems practice what their particular culture believes in and how their culture believes education should take place and be taught. Different cultures have a complete diverse set of expectations for what they believe â€Å"normal† school behavior consists of. It is important for teachers to understand and to take into consideration these different cultural tendencies. One of the strongest roles played on an individual’s disposition of accepting their school’s discipline is the influence of their individual culture and family background (Feinberg & Soltis, 2004). For instance, a teacher who is unaware of the differences between cultures might construe a child’s behavior as disrespectful and misbehaving. However, the child views and considers their behavior as normal. In many cases, due to the fact that these cultures are hard to recognize, students do not always understand why their teachers are punishing them and categorizing their behavior as ill-mannered and inappropriate. Once children are placed in their school environments, what happens next? Every child in the world deserves an equal right to education. Unfortunately, today’s world faces a very critical issue. Children are not receiving the adequate and plentiful education in which they deserve. While in third world countries, there is a tremendous amount of children who are not attending school, today’s world faces an even larger issue. In Africa, for instance, attending school can be very dangerous due to the prevalent amount of violence that takes place both in and outside of the school environment. As author Jonathan Jansen explains, â€Å"Opportunity to learn might be less achievable than full enrollment† (Jansen, 2005). That is to say, the more pervasive problem facing the education of today’s developing countries is not quite the access to schools, but the things that occur once the child gets inside those schools. Furthermore, it is imperative that educators truly understand the distinct histories and ideologies concerning the cultural tendencies of groups as well as the education and learning. In America, maintaining eye contact while having a conversation with someone is considered a sign of respect. In contrary, the cultures of different countries, such as Asia and Africa, view making eye contact with an authority figure or elder as disrespectful and in appropriate. With that being said, we can visualize how easily misinterpretations are made between students and teachers of different backgrounds and cultures (â€Å"Non-verbal communication,†). The Japanese teacher’s approach to the students’ disputes, in the article about Japan, certainly surprised me. From past personal experience, whenever I would find myself in the middle of a dispute there was always an adult alongside to help resolve it. From elementary school to high school, there were constantly authority figures that would intervene as soon as a dispute between students was recognized. In contrary, the Japanese teacher in the reading emphasized that she restrains herself from intervening disputes because she’s afraid of sending the wrong message to the children. She doesn’t want them to think that they can’t handle and take care of themselves in any given situation. By intervening, she stresses that it would interrupt the children’s experience with complex situations and resolving things upon themselves (Tobin, Hsueh & Karasawa, 2009). References Feinberg, W., & Soltis, J. (2004). School and society. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Jansen, J. (2005). Targeting education: The politics of performance and the prospects of ‘Education For All’. Non-verbal communication. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JMDMvvI0abkJ:sitemaker.umich.edu/356.kyprianides/non-verbal_communication &cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Tobin, J., Hsueh, Y., & Karasawa, M. (2009). Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

The History of How Cows Were Domesticated

The History of How Cows Were Domesticated According to archaeological and genetic evidence, wild cattle or aurochs (Bos primigenius) were likely domesticated independently at least twice and perhaps three times. A distantly related Bos species, the yak (Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) was domesticated from its still-living wild form, B. grunniens or B. grunniens mutus. As domesticated animals go, cattle are among the earliest, perhaps because of the multitude of useful products they provide humans: food products such as milk, blood, fat, and meat; secondary products such as clothing and tools manufactured from hair, hides, horns, hooves and bones; dung for fuel; as well as load-bearers and for pulling plows. Culturally, cattle are banked resources, which can provide bride-wealth and trade as well as rituals such as feasting and sacrifices. Aurochs were significant enough to Upper Paleolithic hunters in Europe to be included in cave paintings such as those of Lascaux. Aurochs were one of the largest herbivores in Europe, with the largest bulls reaching shoulder heights of between 160-180 centimeters (5.2-6 feet), with massive frontal horns of up to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. Wild yaks have black upward- and backward-curving horns and long shaggy black to brown coats. The adult males can be 2 m (6.5 ft) high, over 3 m (10 ft) long and can weigh between 600-1200 kilograms (1300-2600 pounds); females weigh only 300 kg (650 pounds) on average. Domestication Evidence Archaeologists and biologists are agreed that there is strong evidence for two distinct domestication events from aurochs: B. taurus in the near east about 10,500 years ago, and B. indicus in the Indus valley of the Indian subcontinent  about 7,000 years ago. There may have been a third auroch domesticate in Africa (tentatively called  B. africanus), about 8,500 years ago. Yaks were domesticated in central Asia about 7,000-10,000 years ago. Recent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies also indicate that B. taurus was introduced into Europe and Africa where they interbred with local wild animals (aurochs). Whether these occurrences should be considered as separate domestication events is somewhat under debate. Recent genomic studies (Decker et al. 2014) of 134 modern breeds supports the presence of the three domestication events, but also found evidence for later migration waves of animals to and from the three main loci of domestication. Modern cattle are significantly different today from the earliest domesticated versions. Three Auroch Domesticates Bos taurus The taurine (humpless cattle, B. taurus) was most likely domesticated somewhere in the Fertile Crescent about 10,500 years ago. The earliest substantive evidence for cattle domestication anywhere in the world is the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. One strong strand of evidence of the locus of domestication for any animal or plant is genetic diversity: places that developed a plant or animal generally have high diversity in those species; places where the domesticates were brought in, have lesser diversity. The highest diversity of genetics in cattle is in the Taurus Mountains. A gradual decline in overall body size of aurochs, a characteristic of domestication, is seen at several sites in southeastern Turkey, beginning as early as the late 9th at Cayonu Tepesi. Small-bodied cattle do not appear in archaeological assemblages in the eastern Fertile Crescent until relatively late (6th millennium BC), and then abruptly. Based on that, Arbuckle et al. (2016) surmise that domestic cattle arose in the upper reaches of the Euphrates river. Taurine cattle were traded across the planet, first into Neolithic Europe about 6400 BC; and they appear in archaeological sites as far away as northeastern Asia (China, Mongolia, Korea) by about 5000 years ago. Bos indicus (or B. taurus indicus) Recent mtDNA evidence for domesticated zebu (humped cattle, B. indicus) suggests that two major lineages of B. indicus are currently present in modern animals. One (called I1) predominates in southeast Asia and southern China and is likely to have been domesticated in the Indus Valley region of what is today Pakistan. Evidence of the transition of wild to domestic B. indicus is in evidence in Harappan sites such as Mehrgahr about 7,000 years ago. The second strain, I2, may have been captured in East Asia, but apparently was also domesticated in the Indian subcontinent, based on the presence of a broad range of diverse genetic elements. The evidence for this strain is not entirely conclusive as of yet. Possible: Bos africanus or Bos taurus Scholars are divided about the likelihood of a third domestication event having occurred in Africa. The earliest domesticated cattle in Africa have been found at Capeletti, Algeria, about 6500 BP, but Bos remains are found at African sites in what is now Egypt, such as Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba, as long ago as 9,000 years, and they may be domesticated. Early cattle remains have also been found at Wadi el-Arab (8500-6000 BC) and El Barga (6000-5500 BC). One significant difference for taurine cattle in Africa is a genetic tolerance to trypanosomosis, the disease spread by the tsetse fly which causes anemia and parasitemia in cattle, but the exact genetic marker for that trait has not been identified to date. A recent study (Stock and Gifford-Gonzalez 2013) found that although genetic evidence for African domesticated cattle is not as comprehensive or detailed as that for  other forms of cattle, what there is available suggests that domestic cattle in Africa are the result of wild aurochs having been introduced into local domestic B. taurus populations. A genomic study published in 2014 (Decker et al.) indicates that while considerable introgression and breeding practices have altered the population structure of modern day cattle, there is still consistent evidence for three major groups of domestic cattle. Lactase Persistence One recent strain of evidence for the domestication of cattle comes from the study of lactase persistence, the ability to digest milk sugar lactose in adults (the opposite of lactose intolerance). Most mammals, including humans, can tolerate milk as infants, but after weaning, they lose that ability. Only about 35% of people in the world are able to digest milk sugars as adults without discomfort, a trait called lactase persistence. This is a genetic trait, and it is theorized that it would have selected for in human populations that had ready access to fresh milk. Early Neolithic populations who domesticated sheep, goats and cattle would not have yet developed this trait, and probably processed the milk into cheese, yogurt, and butter prior to consuming it. Lactase persistence has been connected most directly with the spread of dairying practices associated with cattle, sheep, and goats into Europe by Linearbandkeramik populations beginning about 5000 BC. And a Yak (Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) The domestication of yaks may well have made human colonization of the high Tibetan Plateau (also known as Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) possible. Yaks are extremely well adapted to the arid steppes at high elevations, where low oxygen, high solar radiation, and extreme cold are common. In addition to the milk, meat, blood, fat, and pack energy benefits, perhaps the most important yak byproduct in the cool, arid climate is dung. The availability of yak dung as a fuel was a critical factor in allowing for the colonization of the high region, where other fuel sources are lacking. Yaks possess large lungs and hearts, expansive sinuses, long hair, thick soft fur (very useful for cold-weather clothing), and few sweat glands. Their blood contains a high hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, all of which make cold adaptations possible. Domestic Yaks The main difference between wild and domestic yaks is their size. Domestic yaks are smaller than their wild relatives: adults are generally no more than 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with males weighing between 300-500 kg (600-1100 lbs), and females between 200-300 kg (440-600 lbs). They have white or piebald coats and lack gray-white muzzle hairs. They can and do interbreed with wild yaks, and all yaks have the high altitude physiology they are prized for. There are three types of domestic yaks in China, based on morphology, physiology, and geographical distribution: a valley type distributed in the valleys of north and east Tibet, and some parts of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces;a plateau grassland type mainly found in the high, cold pastures and steppes that maintain an annual average temperature below 2 degrees centigrade;and white yaks found in almost every region in China. Domesticating the Yak Historical reports dated to the Chinese Han Dynasty state that yaks were domesticated by the Qiang people during the Longshan culture period in China, about 5,000 years ago. The Qiang were ethnic groups who inhabited the Tibetan Plateau borderlands including Qinghai Lake. Han Dynasty records also say the Qiang people had a Yak State during the Han dynasty, 221 BC-220 AD, based on a highly successful trade network. Trade routes involving domestic yak were recorded beginning in the Qin dynasty records (221-207 BC)predating and no doubt part of precursors to the Silk Roadand cross-breeding experiments with Chinese yellow cattle to create the hybrid dzo are described there as well. Genetic (mtDNA) studies support the Han Dynasty records that yaks were domesticated on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, although the genetic data does not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn about the number of domestication events. The variety and distribution of mtDNA are not clear, and it is possible that multiple domestication events from the same gene pool, or interbreeding between wild and domesticated animals occurred. However, the mtDNA and archaeological results also blur the dating of the domestication. The earliest evidence for domesticated yak is from the Qugong site, ca. 3750-3100 calendar years ago (cal BP); and the Dalitaliha site, ca 3,000 cal BP near Qinghai Lake. Qugong has a large number of yak bones with an overall small stature; Dalitaliha has a clay figurine thought to represent a yak, the remnants of a wood-fenced corral, and fragments of hubs from spoked wheels. The mtDNA evidence suggests domestication took place as early as 10,000 years BP, and Guo et al. argue that the Qinghai lake Upper Paleolithic colonizers domesticated the yak. The most conservative conclusion to draw from this is that yaks were first domesticated in northern Tibet, probably the Qinghai Lake region, and were derived from wild yak for the production of wool, milk, meat and manual labor, at least 5000 cal bp. How Many Are There? Wild yaks were widespread and abundant in the Tibetan Plateau up until the late 20th century when hunters decimated their numbers. They are now considered highly endangered with an estimated population of ~15,000. They are protected by law but still illegally hunted. Domestic yaks, on the other hand, are abundant, an estimated 14-15 million in central highland Asia. The current distribution of yaks is from the southern slopes of the Himalayas to the Altai and Hangai Mountains of Mongolia and Russia. Approximately 14 million yaks live in China, representing about 95% of the worlds population; the remaining five percent are in Mongolia, Russia, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sikkim and Pakistan. Sources lvarez I, Pà ©rez-Pardal L, Traorà © A, Fernndez I, and Goyache F. 2016. Lack of specific alleles for the bovine chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR4) gene in West African cattle questions its role as a candidate for trypanotolerance. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 42:30-33. Arbuckle BS, Price MD, Hongo H, and Ãâ€"ksà ¼z B. 2016. Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Journal of Archaeological Science 72:1-9. Cai D, Sun Y, Tang Z, Hu S, Li W, Zhao X, Xiang H, and Zhou H. 2014. The origins of Chinese domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:423-434. Colominas, Là ­dia. The impact of the Roman Empire on animal husbandry practices: study of the changes in cattle morphology in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula through osteometric and ancient DNA analyses.  Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Angela Schlumbaum, Maria Saà ±a, Volume 6, Issue 1, SpringerLink, March 2014. Ding XZ, Liang CN, Guo X, Wu XY, Wang HB, Johnson KA, and Yan P. 2014. Physiological insight into the high-altitude adaptations in domesticated yaks (Bos grunniens) along the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau altitudinal gradient. Livestock Science 162(0):233-239. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.012 Leonardi M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, and Burger J. 2012. The evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. A synthesis of archaeological and genetic evidence. International Dairy Journal 22(2):88-97. Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251. Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109. Insoll T, Clack T, and Rege O. 2015. Mursi ox modification in the Lower Omo Valley and the interpretation of cattle rock art in Ethiopia. Antiquity 89(343):91-105. MacHugh DE, Larson G, and Orlando L. 2017. Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal Domestication. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 5(1):329-351. Orlando L. 2015. The first aurochs genome reveals the breeding history of British and European cattle. Genome Biology 16(1):1-3. Orton J, Mitchell P, Klein R, Steele T, and Horsburgh KA. 2013. An early date for cattle from Namaqualand, South Africa: implications for the origins of herding in southern Africa. Antiquity 87(335):108-120. Park SDE, Magee DA, McGettigan PA, Teasdale MD, Edwards CJ, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Braud M, Donoghue MT, Liu Y et al. 2015. Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle. Genome Biology 16(1):1-15. Qanbari S, Pausch H, Jansen S, Somel M, Strom TM, Fries R, Nielsen R, and Simianer H. 2014. Classic Selective Sweeps Revealed by Massive Sequencing in Cattle. PLoS Genetics 10(2):e1004148. Qiu, Qiang. Yak whole-genome resequencing reveals domestication signatures and prehistoric population expansions. Nature Communications, Lizhong Wang, Kun Wang, et al., Volume 6, Article number: 10283, Decemeber 22, 2015. Scheu A, Powell A, Bollongino R, Vigne J-D, Tresset A, Çakirlar C, Benecke N, and Burger J. 2015. The genetic prehistory of domesticated cattle from their origin to the spread across Europe. BMC Genetics 16(1):1-11. Shi Q, Guo Y, Engelhardt SC, Weladji RB, Zhou Y, Long M, and Meng X. 2016. Endangered wild yak (Bos grunniens) in the Tibetan plateau and adjacent regions: Population size, distribution, conservation perspectives and its relation to the domestic subspecies. Journal for Nature Conservation 32:35-43. Stock, Frauke. Genetics and African Cattle Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Volume 30, Issue 1, SpingerLink, March 2013. Teasdale MD, and Bradley DG. 2012. The Origins of Cattle. Bovine Genomics: Wiley-Blackwell. p 1-10. Upadhyay, MR. Genetic origin, admixture and population history of aurochs (Bos primigenius) and primitive European cattle. Heredity, W Chen, J A Lenstra, et al., Volume 118, Nature, September 28, 2016. Wang K, Hu Q, Ma H, Wang L, Yang Y, Luo W, and Qiu Q. 2014.  Genome-wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak. Molecular Ecology Resources 14(4):794-801. Zhang X, Wang K, Wang L, Yang Y, Ni Z, Xie X, Shao X, Han J, Wan D, and Qiu Q. 2016. Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the Chinese yak genome. BMC Genomics 17(1):379.

A 3 page good reasons to explain or suggest to the men Duffy Cut why Essay

A 3 page good reasons to explain or suggest to the men Duffy Cut why it is not a good idea for them to come to the United States - Essay Example f other reasons, economic and social should have prevented the journey of fifty-seven Irish laborers to the United States of America to assist in the construction of a railroad by an American contractor named Philip Duffy. All of them succumbed to death by cholera; recent evidence indicates that many of them may have been murdered (O’ Carroll). Most of them were not granted proper funerals, an event which highlighted the low esteem in which people of Ireland and catholic nations in general were held, in the early nineteenth century. the subsequent decades, was reason enough for the laborers to not have gone to the United States of America. A lasting cure for this was found out later on (Thomas), but the condition of cheap labor in America would have been reason for anybody to be cautious. Proper medical facilities were not provided to these man and their lives were often at the risk of being taken by cholera. The condition of the Irish laborers in America was often worse than that of the slaves in America since their wages hardly sufficed for them to afford decent lodgings and good food (Watson, 32). This, along with the threat of disease, meant that the journey to the United States of America was fraught with danger for the Irishmen who worked for Duffy and they undertook it with great peril to their health and eventually, their lives. This alone, should have deterred them from their journey to America. The journey that was undertaken by these people should not have materialized, if they had considered the imm ense risks that it involved, to their lives. The socio-political concerns of the American state were not humanitarian enough to provide safety to these laborers. During this phase, the United States of America, along with other states in Europe, were engaged in improving the state of infrastructure in their countries. Therefore, the safety and well-being of their workers, poor catholic immigrants at that, was not of primary importance to the American

Talk bout racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Talk bout racism - Essay Example William is described as a person who has a good sense of humor, in addition to loving his family (Petrini 1). He is a businessman and he hates to leave his family whenever he has to travel or attend to his businesses. William has been profiled on a number of occasions, and he is also guilty of profiling others. It is vital to note the interest that William has on knowing the American culture. This interest is motivated by his need to feel like a true American. The main theme in the story is the racial profiling of people from different backgrounds. For instance William profiled Fekadu when he came to pick him up from his house. During this instance, William glanced at Fekadu and concluded that he is a, â€Å"black man with a violent history† (Alexia 50). This conclusion was motivated by the fact that Fekadu had a scar on his neck. During their interactions, William learnt that Fekadu was learned and non-violent. He learnt that Fekadu studied physics and he was a jet-fighter pilot. However, he had to escape from his home, in Ethiopia, without informing his parents. The characterization of Fekadu and William impacts on readers because they are able to relate to their problems and issues. The two characters also have positive impacts on each other. The narration of the story using flashbacks and old dreams helps in the connection of the two characters and the instances of racial profiling. William’s insights and thoughts, and the theme of profiling enable the reader to analyze and think about each of the characters. The two characters are able to relate because they find themselves in similar circumstances. They are faced with problems such as racial profiling, family stability and their personal pains, hopes and fears. William does not like business trips that make him leave his family (Petrini 1). He fears that a racially instigated problem may arise and cause harm to his family. The

History Of American Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Of American Liberty - Essay Example The story of freedom’s expansion during this period was messy and conflict-ridden. The earliest settlers in the new colonies came to practice a way of life that was denied to them in their homeland. They wanted to experience religious freedom and the variety of political freedoms that were necessary in order to achieve their dream of living in community with each other without worry of persecution (Foner 47-50). This guiding principle, however, had inner conflicts such as the need to suppress certain kinds of dissent within their own communities, a system of life that was paternalistic in its treatment of women and even more importantly a need to survive the harsh life in the new environments they found themselves in (Foner 51-56). In attending to all of these needs, the colonialists met the native populations who were already here when they arrived with curiosity at first and later with a kind of malevolent manipulation. Their own need for land and safety drove them to treat the Native Americans as enemies and they began a process of slowly pushing the Native Americans out as they expanded their own territories westward (Foner 78-80). This process went on throughout the period, culminating in the Jacksonian era with an official government policy of â€Å"Indian removal† (Foner 151-155, 370-371). The drive to increase religious freedom and promote the establishment of economic independence, therefore, led to horrible discrimination against another already established group in the new territory that would eventually make up the nation. The rights of Native Americans to their own independence autonomy were continually infringed upon even as the new colonists sought to increase their own freedoms. The tragic story of the treatment of native populations is equaled, perhaps, only by the story of the treatment of the black slave populations (Foner 130-132, 220-223, 400-408).

Federal Reserve and the Great Recession Research Paper

Federal Reserve and the Great Recession - Research Paper Example One of the major causes of the Great Recession was the bursting of the housing bubble. Being a regulator of the monetary system, the Federal Reserve could have seen a crisis coming. The major cause of the housing bubble bursting was that the Fed opted to expand their monetary policy; though the regulation was effectively done, this policy was a contributor to the problem. The Federal Reserve might have bowed to the pressure from the government to have the implementation of the housing policy be implemented. It happened that the dot-com crash was followed by a substantial increase in the printing press that resulted in an increase in the monetary base. Additionally, there was a great cut in the federal funds by Greenspan (from 5.6% in 2001 to 1% in 2003). These factors contributed to an increase in the housing among other investments that utilize huge amounts of capital. The Fed could have intervened at this point and develop a regulatory mechanism to prevent the situation from escala ting to the financial crisis and ultimately the Great Recession. The Federal Reserve failed to develop adequate measures that would deal with the insolvency. Two institutions at the center of the Great Recession, Lehman Brothers, and Washington Mutual became insolvent resulting in their collapse. The Fed made a miscalculated attempt to go ahead and support these institutions instead of giving them a chance to fail, the outcome would have been an increase in the amount of savings as well as investments.

Analysis of Mobile Telecommunications Industry

Analysis of Mobile Telecommunications Industry Contents Market Analysis and Research Plan (Word Count: 912) Marketing Research Plan Competitors Market trends STEP Analysis Strategic Analysis and Recommendations (Word Count: 1117) 2.1 SWOT 2.2 Portfolio analysis 2.3 Growth Strategy Recommendations Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Bibliography Appendices Marketing Analysis and Research Plan Marketing research plan The brief is to conduct an analytical survey into the Mobile telecommunications industry as a service/network provider in order to judge feasibility. After recent developments of Tescos entering the Mobile phone industry as a service/network provider, Asda are also keen to explore and keep up with Tescos in this respect also. Using secondary research we will first look into the Mobile telecommunications industry. This information will then be analysed from a company perspective, followed by recommendations. 1.2 Competitors Information cited in this section has been adapted from MarketLine (2005). In appendix 1 (section 6), I have elaborated on the information given in this section. O2 O2 is a mobile communications service provider operating in the UK, Ireland and Europe. O2 have 19 million customers within some of the biggest consumer markets for mobile services. SWOT analysis Strengths Strong presence in the UK market. Weaknesses Small scale European operations competitors are better placed. Over reliance on UK market. Opportunities Well placed for 3G expansion. Threats Declining penetration and saturation of voice services. Overexposure to UK market adverse effect of unforeseen market challenges. Impact of regulation. O2 operates in highly regulated markets. Hutchinson (3G) UK 3G is a mobile multimedia company focused mainly on the providing 3G (third-generation) mobile communication services in the UK. Strengths First mover advantage. Alliance with key brands. Parent company support. Weaknesses Low presence in the wireless market. Low average revenues per user. Opportunities Focus on content. Booming mobile gaming market. Improving 3G market. Threats Rapid technological change. Increasing competition. Threat from other technological products. Orange Orange is a mobile telecoms service provider with over 44 million customers in 22 countries worldwide. Orange is one of the worlds, and is UKs, largest mobile communications companies. Strengths Global brand strength. Launch of OrangeWorld/Signature phones. Large subscriber base and strong subscription growth. Weaknesses Reliant on data for growth. France Telecom buyout. Cost cutting could damage reputation. Opportunities WAP capability Investment in new technology. 3G and Push to talk. Increase average annual revenue per user. Threats Strong competition. Health risks and government legislation. Market saturation in Europe. T-Mobile T-Mobile is a market leader in mobile communication technology operating largely in Europe and US. The company is now realizing large profits, and at the end of year end of 2004 achieved record revenue of E25 billion. Strengths Strong backing of parent company. Strong alliances. Strong financial growth. Weaknesses Decreasing average revenue per user. Lack of presence in high growth markets. Opportunities Most of T-Mobiles opportunities lye global markets, such as the growth in worldwide mobile subscriptions and the freemove alliance. Rise in demand for 3G/UMTS technology. Threats Slowdown in the UK economy Growing consolidation and competition. Vodafone Vodafone is a communications company with business interests in 42 countries worldwide. The company made a net loss of  £7,540 million during fiscal year 2005, compared to  £9,015 million net loss in 2004. Strengths Leadership position. Global brand strength. Growth of Vodafone Live! Weaknesses High debt. Opportunities Growth through 3G. Increase ARPU. Threats Increased competition. Market saturation in Europe. Health risks and government legislation. 1.3 Market Trends All the information cited below, unless mentioned otherwise, has been taken from Datamonitor, Wireless Telecommunications Services in the United Kingdom, July 2005. Market Value UKs wireless communications market reached a value of  £9.8 billion in 2004. Although the value of the market has increased, the growth of the market hasnt been so capitalizing on the previous years. I think this is due to the highly competitive nature of the market, and saturation. Also, this high market value is on the back of some very strong economic performance by the UK. Market Volume The market exudes high market penetration. Linking this to the Market Value, it can be seen that Market Value fell in 2003 and 2004 due to fewer subscribers. One striking thing about this statistic is that the UKs population is 59.2 million (Mintel; Telecommunications Retailing UK May 2004). This indicates that most of the UK population already subscribe to mobile services. Hence a near fully saturated market. Market Segmentation Market Share by Network In order to view the above table more clearly, I have extrapolated the information into a pie chart below: The industry is extremely competitive. The market share (by volume) is very equal. It seems that the market is at an equilibrium. Market share by Value Call revenues (consumer expenditure on calls etc) by mobile network, 2003 Source: Mintel; Telecommunications Retailing UK May 2004 Again, the whole industry is at more or less at an equilibrium albeit very competitive. 1.4 STEP analysis of Mobile telecommunications industry Social According to Mintel, Telecommunications Retailing UK May 2004 research, overall population of 15-24 year olds is set to reduce. This means that the scope of potential new customers is extremely low. Focus will have to be mainly on customer retention, and prizing customers away from competitors. However the younger consumer does now see a mobile phone as essential in every day life. Technological 3G technology is the main source of change in this market. The younger market does however seem to embrace new technologies. It is now hoped that new technologies will further stimulate demand. Economic Due to the recent boom economy, Mintel reports that the population as a whole is becoming more affluent and more affluent phone users spend more on mobile phone services. The below table illustrates this: UK socio-economic groupings of adults, 1998, 2003 and 2007 (proj) 1998 2003 2007 (proj) % change 000 % 000 % 000 % 1998-2007 AB 9,773 20.8 11,883 24.6 13,370 27.1 +36.8 C1 12,990 27.6 13,371 27.7 14,062 28.5 +8.2 C2 10,305 21.9 9,849 20.4 9,241 18.7 -10.3 D 8,437 17.9 8,365 17.3 8,280 16.8 -1.9 E 5,504 11.7 4,791 9.9 4,344 8.8 -21.1 Total 47,010 100.0 48,260 100.0 49,297 100.0 +4.9 SOURCE: National Statistics/Mintel UK has been on in an economic boom period since 1998 with low inflation and interest rates. This has meant that mortgage and loan costs will be cheap, hence consumers have higher disposable income. The economy now however seems to be slowing down, this means that new services and technologies being offered to consumers will be less accepted. Political/legal Mobile handsets give off radiation and various electronic/micro waves. The health implications of this is not quite clear. The mobile phone and service providers have strict international guidelines to adhere to because of this. There are also concerns in regards to mobile phone masts being erected close to residential areas, as the effects of these to locals and the environment is also not clear. These issues and the market being very competitive, saturated and an oligopoly, may lead to further regulation and government involvement in the future. Strategic Analysis and recommendations SWOT Analysis Strengths Despite picking up sales in the past 4 years, Asda have faced slower sales in 2005. Nevertheless, Asda enjoys a firm customer base that has seen Asda overtake Sainsburys in the ranking of leading supermarkets in the U.K. Asda in essence is a multinational company through Wal-marts ventures in Mexico, Puerto Rico and Canada. As one of the first businesses to recognise the importance of cutting edge systems and economies of scale, which have allowed them to keep prices low, from which consumers have gained greatly. However, Asda has managed to keep its distinct identity separate from its parent company. Asda have been gradually expanding their stores demonstrating their plans to provide consumers with the biggest choice of goods ranging from everyday groceries, to non-food products such as clothing, and small electricals. Unlike many other supermarket brands, Asda have focused their efforts in stand-alone non-food formats. At group level, Wal-Marts performance over the past five years has been consistently outstanding. With sales growing by 46.8% over the period. , The growth comes on the back of 19.9% increase in store numbers, suggesting healthy underlying performance. The companys price-competitiveness has undoubtedly been driving sales. Another important factor, highlighted by Asda in 2004 is the expansion to non-foods, including the well-received clothing label George. Weaknesses Asda has seen an unusually high number of changes at the top management level. This has caused uncertainty over how the company is run which in turn has had an effect on its sales. However, it should be noted that in the case of Asda, most of the top men had been with the company for a number of years before taking the lead, which should have helped the transition. The companys much publicised price promise has not helped the companys revenues. Increased competition has created downward pressure on the supermarket industry. The price war between Tesco and Asda has impacted heavily on both companies, however, it would appear Asda have felt the effects of this much more than Tesco. In more recent times, and perhaps more seriously, the company have failed to meet sales expectation in the three-month period ending in October, when its market share had also failed to improve. Opportunities The company has faced criticism for its destructive seafood policies of all the UK supermarkets. Report published by Greenpeace states thats Asda sells 13 species of threatened fish. This does not help the companys image in todays environment, where consumers are more environmentally conscious and healthy lifestyle society. In terms of the mobile industry and the possibility of entering the mobile telecommunications market, the spare capacity that has resulted from huge infrastructure investment has created opportunities for companies wishing to set up as virtual network operators (MVNOs). The market leading operators can sell their spare capacity to MVNOs, whom maybe in a better position to win over certain customer sectors. It is better for an operator to lose customers to MVNO that is using its network than to a market-leading rival. The wide range of content and service made possible by 3G technology and converging technologies has created excellent opportunities for operators to put together compelling propositions tailored for different customer sectors, rather than relying on one-size-fits-all approach. Threats Rise in demand for organically grown produce has resulted in loss of revenues for all of the supermarkets, losing their custom to smaller independent grocers and farm shops. Wireless fidelity (WiFi) and its successor WiMax pose dangers for 3G operators as they are able to capture a significant part of the wireless broadband market by enabling users to download data at faster speeds and provide a much cheaper service than existing products. Going into an industry, which has yet to settle, would be a risk that has to be taken under consideration. As the market has become more saturated it has become more difficult for the main operators to achieve revenue growth from voice calls. Increased competition and the additional capacity created by the 3G networks have raised the prospect of a damaging price war on voice minutes. Operators must attract new customers to 3G however, this will lead to alienating users of 2G mobile phones, and cutting revenue obtained from this. The MVNOs that are differentiating themselves on price and offering a no-frills service are vulnerable when the major operators cut the cost of voice calls in order to gain market share in the 3G environment. Portfolio Analysis Much of Asdas estate development is concentrated towards expanding in the non-foods offer. The company introduced optician centres, pharmacies photo centres and jewellery departments in its stores as recorded in march 2005. Asda clothing range George currently has 6 stand-alone stores, which have been introduced since 2003. A full-service Asda Superstore typically carries some 30,000 products. Of these some 60% are food items. In addition to the usual branded goods, Asda stocks a strong own-brand offer. However, sales of organic food are booming and shoppers are increasingly spurning supermarkets to buy produce directly from growers and independent retailers. The company has also introduced a finance service in order diversify into other industries. The services include home, motor and pet insurance, along with trust funds and credit card facility also available. BCG matrix for the food industry 10 * Non-foods * Organic foods Market growth * Asda living * Store Clothing range Financial Services * 0 2.0 0 Relative market share Growth Strategy and Recommendations Ansoffs Matrix Product Present New Present Organic foods Market New Non-foods Mobile communications operator From the BCG matrix, we can see that there are 2 groups of products, which have room to be developed in order to generate more revenues. With the increase in demand for organic foods, Asda is in a position to be able to introduce a larger selection of organic foods. Much greater promotion of organic needs to take place if the company is to bring back lost consumers from local and independent food producers. Asda can also promote its non-foods range to a greater extent, however, it maybe possible for the company to promote its non-food products to a different market, perhaps to rival Ikea in the home products market. In light of Tescos entry in to the mobile communications market, diversifying to a different market may also help improve Asda revenue. With Asdas main focus on its non-foods range, moving into the mobile communications market maybe more suited to Asda policy of expanding its non-food section. Asda already has experience in moving in to industry to which is not initially been related, as we have seen Asda clothing range George, has enjoyed relative success despite strong competition from more established high street retailers. The mobile communications market will however pose very different problem, as this is a fast moving industry, with technological innovations leading the way. In a saturated industry, it will be difficult for Asda to be competitive against the more established network operators, but network space available through virtual networks, now is likely to be the best time to enter the mobile communications industry. In addition, it maybe more viable for Asda, if more resources are concentrated on attracting consumers to a 3G service which will provide a more level playing field as the 3G services are still relatively new to the market. Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Market segmentation, targeting and positioning Vodafone The Vodafone group has the largest share of the corporate mobile communications market with around 15 million customers. The company offers a wide range of voice and data communications. The Vodafone 2G/2.5G covers 99% of the population. Vodafone was the first mobile operator to introduce international roaming service. Key segments The mobile communications industry has two main types of customers. These are consumers and business users. The majority of the mobile phones costs are met by users themselves, mainly using the mobile phone service for personal calls. With the existence of a number of leading companies with in the market, the market place has become saturated. The trend now is to concentrate their efforts on retaining their most valued customers. Vodafone along with other leading operators, require consumers to spend more money on non-voice services and have become increasingly engrossed with levels of average revenue per user. There are several areas within the consumer group, which accounts for a large share of the revenue generated by Vodafone. Mintel have reported that the group of 15-24 year old mobile phone users are set to rise. Mobile phones are particularly popular among 15-24-year-olds, and Mintels consumer research section demonstrates that consumers in this age band are motivated by style. These younger consumers are familiar with mobile phone technology and are willing to adapt to new skills and habits as the new technology appears. Their social lives tend to be very active, making the mobile phone a necessity for them and they are also viewed as a necessary fashion accessory. The ownership of mobile phones demonstrates the areas in which Vodafone should be looking to concentrate their efforts in order to generate revenues from voice and data transmissions. Ownership of mobile phones, by gender and age, 7-19s, 2003  [1]   Base: youths aged 7-19 All Males Females 7 to 10 11 to 14 15 to 19 % % % % % % Own mobile 66 63 69 25 77 91 Shared mobile 4 4 4 7 4 1 None 30 34 27 68 20 8 Text messaging 66 63 70 26 77 91 Games 57 53 61 22 64 79 Taken from the TGI Youth survey of 5859 youths aged 7-19 Income generated from voice and data transmission services delivered to companies and other organisations is an increasingly vital revenue stream for Vodafone and most mobile operators in general. Vodafone has recognised that in present day climate of highly competitive business environment, efficient communication is a key factor, which must be developed in order for a mobile operator to gain a competitive edge over its rivals. The importance of business customers can be demonstrated by looking at the levels of expenditure on business advertising. In the year ending September 2004, around  £14.4m was spent  [2]  . Even though this is nothing when compared to the amount spent on consumer advertising, the big players such as Vodafone and O2 have gradually increased their spending to attract business customers while Orange and T-Mobile are slowly following suit. Targeting strategies Currently, the market leaders in the mobile communications are all competing for the same customers, employing similar tariffs and services so as not to fall behind its rivals. With the introduction of the 3G networks, many of the mobile operators have also introduced 3G tariffs on to their respective networks. Even though new technology is continuously being developed, the targets for each of the mobile operators remain as it is. In general, there are no specialist tariffs which concentrate on a particular area of the market with the exception of the business tariffs which are designed to provide efficient and reliable communication service to businesses. Some mobile operators provide tariffs, which can be considered, for a particular group, however, this is not an area, which can be considered as a specialist group. T-mobile for example have recently introduced the Best of Both Worlds tariff, and even though this may seem ideal for younger users of mobile phones, the tariff is appealing to many who desire more complete control over the cost of the service they use. Positioning With the majority of mobile phone operators providing a similar service with similar tariffs, it is reasonably difficult to evaluate the positioning of the respective brands in the market. Regardless of this, there are factors, which influence consumers when deciding which network to choose. A list of the factors influencing the choice of networks is shown below: Most important factors when choosing a mobile phone network (% of adults), 2004  [3]   Tariffs 31.9 Network Coverage 21.1 Reception 17.2 Personal experience 9.8 Special offers 8.3 Company reputation 7.5 Recommendation 6.6 Additional services offered 4.4 Advertising 0.8 Using the lowest price plan and the service available on that plan offered by each of the leading mobile operator companies, we are able to look at the brand positioning of the Vodafone in comparison to its major rivals. Perceptual map for mobile operator market High price * Orange * O2 High service Low service * T-mobile * Vodafone Low price Although the position of Vodafone at a glance does not appear to be desirable, Vodafone boasts an extremely high level of network coverage, reception, and a level of customer service, which is rivalled only by Orange. Vodafone has a reputation as a global company, and is the worlds largest telecommunications company, which provide a whole range of services. Vodafone was the first of the four largest networks to launch its 3G consumer services in November 2004 and continues to be one of the leading innovators in terms of providing the latest products, which are accessible to a large sector of the market. The Vodafone brand is recognised through out the developed world and has since enjoyed a reputation for representing quality of product and service. The Vodafone shops all trade under the same corporate brand and logo. Its chain of some 350 stores has remained roughly the same size for the last two years, although many of the smaller shop units have been abandoned in favour of larger premises. The stores have a strong corporate identity, featuring the red and white livery of the brand. Vodafone has strong and consistent retail branding and in Mintels research Vodafone was mentioned by 8% of consumers as a source of their last mobile phone, placing them just behind Orange. Vodafone is the only retailer to achieve significantly higher penetration among 15-19s than for other age bands, probably connected to its high profile role in sports sponsorship. The companys long-standing in the market means that it is well used by a wide range of consumers from a broad spread of age and social groups. The Vodafone shops sell handsets that can only operate on Vodafone tariffs. Vodafone are in general up to date with the latest technology and handsets accompanied by a large range of accessories. Market Segments According to a market report on Mobile Phones by Key Notes in 2005, the Mobile telecommunications industry can be separated into two main sectors, which can be then further segmented; Type of revenue, and Type of customer. Type of Revenue This relates to how a customer uses a mobile phone. This can be calls and fixed charges, text and picture messaging, or interconnection fees (for when a call is made from one service provider to another). The below table illustrates the revenue of each segment. Mobile operators are now expanding and looking to earn more from the text and picture messaging sector in particular, with the advent of 3G. The UK Cellular Telecommunications Market by Revenue Source by value ( £m)    1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 Value ( £m)                Retail Revenues                                  Calls and fixed Charges 5,049 6,253 7,041 7,991 9,185 Text and picture messaging 126 553 1,073 1,529 1,854 Connection fees 76 56 64 24 5                   Total retail revenues 5,251 6,862 8,178 9,544 11,044 Source: The UK Telecommunications industry Market Information, Office of Telecommunications (oftel)/ Key Note Mraket Report 2005, Mobile Phones Type of customer Customer type can be of 2 kinds; Business user or Consumer. Business users primarily use voice calls, and have to pay fixed charges. Consumers on the other hand are a lot more varied, they contribute to all 3 of the segments mentioned above. Buyer Behavior Survey by BMRB Internationals Target Group Index (TGI) 2004, suggests that Mobile phones are primarily owned by younger consumers, with more than 80% of under 55 year olds owning mobile phones. It is also reported that Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) is the more popular than pay-monthly or contract services, especially among the lower income earners (those below social grade C2). Males are more likely to have fixed monthly contract phones, and the reverse in true for PAYG. The below table indicates that the type, value or content of the tariff mainly affects consumers choice of network, followed by network coverage and signal/reception. 1st 2nd most important factors when chosing a Mobile Phone Network (% of adults), 2004    Most important 2nd Most important Addittional service offered 4.4 5.4 Advertising 0.8 5.3 Company reputation 7.5 6.7 Network coverage 21.1 10.8 Personal experience 9.8 6.8 Reception 17.2 13.5 Recommendation 6.6 8 Special offers 8.3 9 Tariffs 31.9 14.2 Source: Target Group Index (TGI), BMRB International Ltd, 2004 Again, BMRB Internationals Target Group Index (TGI) 2004, suggests that phones are mainly used for text messaging, and games. Competitor Strategy and Positioning of 02 (mm02 PLC) O2 O2 is a mobile communications service provider operating in the UK, Ireland and Europe, who generated  £4.8 billion of revenue in 2003. Business Description: O2 have 19 million customers within some of the biggest consumer markets for mobile services. 02 is now a well-established and profitable business. They are now looking to expand their product portfolio horizontally, exploiting existing distribution channels and new product opportunities. This could well prove to take investment and focus off/away from its main business which is the mobile services provider. Revenue analysis: O2s turnover increased by 22% from 2003 to 2004. The main reason for the increase was the overall rise in subscriber numbers and the increased usage of the Groups services by subscribers. Competitor Strategy O2 have reduced there employee base by 3000 to 12000 employees through restructuring. And achieved an increase of one million customers in the 2003/04 financial year. In 2004/05 O2 have developed and moved into 3G network services, which enables them to offer high-speed streaming of videos and other multi media. O2s strategy has focused on three key areas improved operating performance; managing businesses cohesively and leading in mobile data services. Within the market, 02 are expected to continue to look to acquire and retain high value customers. Companies are forever trying to increase the ARPU (average revenue per user). This has led to heavier targeting and strategies, creating more services and getting consumers to use them, i.e. OrangeWorld and VodafoneLive! Positioning All the mobile phone networks look to offer a wide range of services, and position themselves in the market to cater for all. Companies need to maximize their revenue potential in a highly competitive and ever saturating market. The below tables will help me position the mobile phone companies in a perceptual map. 1st 2nd most important factors when chosing a Mobile Phone Network (% of adults), 2004    Most important 2nd Most important Addittional service offered 4.4 5.4 Advertising 0.8 5.3 Company reputation 7.5 6.7 Network coverage 21.1 10.8 Personal experience 9.8 6.8 Reception 17.2 13.5 Recommendation 6.6 8 Special offers 8.3 9 Tariffs 31.9 14.2 Source: Target Group Index (TGI), BMRB International Ltd, 2004 The above table shows what consumers look for in a network. Mobile phone users, year to April 1999-2003 and Q1 2004 Year to April 1999 2001 2003 Q1 2003/04 % change m % m % M % m % 1999-2004 Vodafone 7.9 32.9 13.2 28.0 12.1 2